Volume 1, Issue 1 — Year 2024 — Article e100012

ISSN (Online): 3115-8129 Biannually

Assessment of Soil Liquefaction Potential in Eastern Miandoab by Field Data and Empirical Relationships

Article Type: Research
Pages: e100012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22034/CGEL.1.1.e100012
Crossmark
Open Access
Authors
Affiliations
  1. Department of Earth Sciences, Tabriz University, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran
  2. Department of Earth Sciences, Tabriz University, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran
Corresponding author
Email: e-asghari@tabrizu.ac.ir
ORCID: 0000-0003-0408-6107
Received: 10 July 2024 / Accepted: 28 July 2024 / Published: 25 August 2024
Abstract

Soil liquefaction is a significant geotechnical hazard that poses risks to structures during earthquakes. It occurs when loose, saturated granular soils lose shear strength under seismic forces, causing the soil to behave like a liquid and leading to structural damage. A common approach for evaluating liquefaction potential involves field testing, especially the Standard Penetration Test (SPT), combined with empirical methods. This study assesses the liquefaction potential in the eastern region of Miandoab, using data from 16 boreholes. Grain size analysis and SPT results were analyzed, and the empirical method by Iwasaki et al. (1984) was applied to assess the region's liquefaction hazard. The findings show that in the central areas, the liquefaction risk is moderate, with a hazard level close to 5. In contrast, the northern and southern sections, characterized by denser soils and lower groundwater levels, show a lower potential for liquefaction. However, in the event of strong earthquakes with accelerations above 0.30g, liquefaction is still possible. Earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 7 and accelerations exceeding 0.25g present a serious risk of liquefaction in the region. The study highlights the need for considering soil conditions and seismic activity when evaluating liquefaction risks in construction planning.

Keywords

Liquefaction, Geotechnical classification, Experimental relations, Miandoab, SPT.

Data availability statement

The data supporting the findings of this study are available within article. No publicly archived dataset was generated.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Highlights
  • SPT data evaluates liquefaction risk
  • Central areas show moderate hazard levels
  • High earthquakes increase liquefaction probability
References
  1. Adeli-Gharjedaghi F., Dabiri R., Bonab M.H. (2011). Comparison of Liquefaction Potential Assessment Using Cone Penetration Test (CPT) and Shear Wave Velocity (Vs) Methods Based on Empirical Relationships in Southern Tehran. Journal of Hydraulic Structures Engineering, 3(5), 36-46.
  2. Andabili N.R., Safaripour M. (2022). Identification of precipitation trend and landslide susceptibility analysis in Miandoab County using MATLAB. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(7), 472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10069-w.
  3. Asgari S. (2017). A General Review of Soil Liquefaction and Mitigation Methods. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on Civil Engineering, Architecture, and Urban Development, Tehran, Iran.
  4. Azarafza M., Mokhtari M.H. (2013). Evaluation of drought effect on Urmia Lake salinity changes using remote sensing techniques. Journal of Arid Biome, 3(2), 1-14.
  5. Baez J.I., Martin G.R., Youd T.L. (2000). Comparison of SPT-CPT liquefaction evaluations and CPT interpretations. Innovations and Applications in Geotechnical Site Characterization, pp. 17-32. https://doi.org/10.1061/40505(285)2.
  6. Boulanger R.W., Idriss I.M. (2014). CPT and SPT based liquefaction triggering procedures. Report No. UCD/CGM.-14, 1, 134.
  7. Cetin K.O., Seed R.B., Der Kiureghian A., Tokimatsu K., Harder Jr L.F., Kayen R.E., Moss R.E. (2004). Standard penetration test-based probabilistic and deterministic assessment of seismic soil liquefaction potential. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 130(12), 1314-1340. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:12(1314).
  8. Cetin K.O., Seed R.B., Kayen R.E., Moss R.E., Bilge H.T., Ilgac M., Chowdhury K. (2018). Examination of differences between three SPT-based seismic soil liquefaction triggering relationships. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 113, 75-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.03.013.
  9. Demir S., Özener P. (2022). Effect of shear strain compatibility and incompatibility approaches in the design of high modulus columns against liquefaction: A case study in Christchurch, New Zealand. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 20, 5721-5745. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-022-01427-7.
  10. Farhangi V., Karakouzian M., Geertsema M. (2020). Effect of micropiles on clean sand liquefaction risk based on CPT and SPT. Applied Sciences, 10(9), 3111. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10093111.
  11. Fazlnia A. (2019). Geochemical and tectonic significance of the Arbat alkali gabbro-monzonite-syenite intrusions, Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc, Iran. Geological Quarterly, 63(1), 16-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7306/gq.1449.
  12. Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration of Iran, GSI (2009). Geology map and report for Miandoab region. The Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration of Iran press, Tehran, Iran.
  13. Huang Y., Bao Y., Zhang M., Liu C., Lu P. (2015). Analysis of the mechanism of seabed liquefaction induced by waves and related seabed protection. Natural Hazards, 79, 1399-1408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-1897-1.
  14. Huang Y., Yu M. (2013). Review of soil liquefaction characteristics during major earthquakes of the twenty-first century. Natural Hazards, 65, 2375-2384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0433-9.
  15. Idriss I.M., Boulanger R.W. (2006). Semi-empirical procedures for evaluating liquefaction potential during earthquakes. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 26(2-4), 115-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2004.11.023.
  16. Iranian Code of Practice for Seismic Resistance Design of Buildings (2014). Standard No. 2800 (4th Edition). Building and Housing Research Center. Tehran, Iran.
  17. Iwasaki T., Arakawa T., Tokida K. (1984). Simplified procedures for assessing soil liquefaction during earthquakes. International Journal of Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 3(1), 49-58, https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-7277(84)90027-5.
  18. Kayen R., Moss R.E.S., Thompson E.M., Seed R.B., Cetin K.O., Kiureghian A.D., Tokimatsu K. (2013). Shear-wave velocity–based probabilistic and deterministic assessment of seismic soil liquefaction potential. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 139(3), 407-419. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000743.
  19. Lenz J.A., Baise L.G. (2007). Spatial variability of liquefaction potential in regional mapping using CPT and SPT data. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 27(7), 690-702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2006.11.005.
  20. Lin C.P., Chang C.C., Chang T.S. (2004). The use of MASW method in the assessment of soil liquefaction potential. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 24(9-10), 689-698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2004.06.012.
  21. Neyromand A., Dabiri R., Razizadeh F.B. (2016). Comparison of Liquefaction Potential Assessment in Soil Layers of Southwestern Ahar Region Based on Standard Penetration Resistance and Shear Wave Velocity Methods. Journal of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, 19(1), 23-37.
  22. Norouzi H., Moghaddam A.A. (2020). Groundwater quality assessment using random forest method based on groundwater quality indices (case study: Miandoab plain aquifer, NW of Iran). Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 13, 912. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-05904-8.
  23. Norouzi H., Moghaddam A.A. (2022). Determining the origin of arsenic anomalies in groundwater using multivariate statistical methods (case study: Miandoab plain aquifer, NW of Iran). Environmental Earth Sciences, 81(10), 301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-022-10385-x.
  24. Ortiz-Hernández E., Chunga K., Pastor J.L., Toulkeridis T. (2022). Assessing Susceptibility to Soil Liquefaction Using the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) - A Case Study from the City of Portoviejo, Coastal Ecuador. Land, 11(4), 463. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11040463.
  25. Pajoohesh Omran Rahvar (2021). Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering Consulting Report for the 350-Bed Miandoab Hospital Project. Organization for the Execution of State Buildings, Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, 63 p.
  26. Seed H.B., Idriss I.M. (1971). Simplified procedure for evaluating soil liquefaction potential. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, 97(9), 1249-1273. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSFEAQ.0001662.
  27. Vaziri M., Mahmoudi S., Shahbazi F., Masihabadi M.H., Rezaei H. (2022). Towards a Sustainable Agriculture Development Based on the Field Vulnerability Evaluation in Miandoab Region, Iran. Nexo Revista Científica, 35(04), 950-960. https://doi.org/10.5377/nexo.v35i04.15533.
  28. Xu C., Feng C., Du X., Zhang X. (2020). Study on liquefaction mechanism of saturated sand considering stress redistribution. Engineering Geology, 264, 105302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105302.
  29. Xu Y.H., Li M.F. (2021). Hydrothermal liquefaction of lignocellulose for value-added products: Mechanism, parameter and production application. Bioresource Technology, 342, 126035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126035.
  30. Youd T.L. (2003). Liquefaction mechanisms and induced ground failure. International Geophysics, 81, 1159-1173. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-6142(03)80184-5.
  31. Youd T.L., Idriss I.M. (2001). Liquefaction Resistance of Soils: Summary Report from the 1996 NCEER and 1998 NCEER/NSF Workshops on evaluation of Liquefaction resistance of soils. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 127(4), 297-313. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:4(297).
  32. Zhang J.M., Wang G. (2012). Large post-liquefaction deformation of sand, part I: physical mechanism, constitutive description and numerical algorithm. Acta Geotechnica, 7, 69-113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-011-0150-7.
  33. Zhao X., Cai G. (2015). SPT-CPT correlation and its application for liquefaction evaluation in China. Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 33(3), 272-281. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2013.872740.
How to cite
Mozafarbagi, A., & Asghari-Kaljahi, E. (2024). Assessment of Soil Liquefaction Potential in Eastern Miandoab by Field Data and Empirical Relationships. Civil and Geoengineering Letters, 1(1), e100012. https://doi.org/10.22034/CGEL.1.1.e100012
Note: Please verify the citation against your preferred style guide.
Share
X LinkedIn Facebook Email Mendeley
Article Metrics
1758 Readers
1158 Downloads
N/A Citations
PDF XML Back to Issue